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Ricerche a cura del dott. Luigi Braco
Sigismund Bacstrom
Life
Sigismund Bacstrom, 1750-1805, was a doctor, a surgeon, and a notable artist of
the early
Maritime Fur Trade.
His drawings of the people and places he encountered on his voyages show the
meticulous precision of a surgeon and scientist rather than the hand of a
trained artist. He was also a prominent author and translator of
Alchemy and
Rosicrucianism documents, many of which are still in print.
Little is known of Bacstrom’s early history.
His name is probably Swedish, but he is believed to have been born in Germany.
He claimed to have been trained as a physician, surgeon and chemist at the
University of Strausburg. He served as a surgeon in the Dutch navy from 1763 to
1770, then moved to England.
Bacstrom was employed by the famous naturalist
Joseph
Banks as a secretary from 1772 to 1775, accompanying the naturalist on a
scientific exploration of Iceland. He was then engaged by Captain William Kent
of the Royal Navy, a friend of Joseph Banks and collector for him, until 1779.
Over the next decade he made at least six voyages as surgeon on merchant vessels,
including voyages to Greenland (Spitsbergen), Guinea, and Jamaica.
In the late 1780s Bacstrom found a patron, whose name is unknown, who
established him in an expensive laboratory in Marylebone to conduct research in
natural philosophy. When his sponsor died in 1789, Bacstrom again found
himself without work. He eventually received sponsorship to collect samples for
Banks on a voyage around the world via Cape Horn, Nootka Sound, China and the
East Indies that was to be undertaken by a group of London merchants as a
commercial venture.
The vessels chosen for this voyage were the
Butterworth, a former French frigate of 392 tons, a large sloop named the
Jackal (sometimes written as Jackall or Jack Hall), and a smaller sloop named
Prince Lee Boo, all under the command of Captain William Brown. They sailed from
England in late 1791. By March 1792 they were encamped on Staten Island near
Cape Horn, slaughtering seals and boiling their oil.
They sailed across the Pacific to the Marquesas Islands in June, reaching
Vancouver Island on the Northwest coast of North America in July 1792. Bacstrom
left the Butterworth at Nootka on Oct. 15 “on account of the ill and mean usage
I received from Capt. W. Brown and his Officers.” He was briefly a guest of the
Spanish officers at Nootka before being welcomed on board the Three Brothers, a
brig out of Newcastle, sailing with the schooner Prince William Henry. On the
Three Brothers, Bacstrom sailed up into Haida Gwaii and into Southeast Alaska
near what is now Sitka. There are many drawings from this period of the voyage.
Returning to Nootka Sound, Bacstrom took
passage as surgeon on the American flagged brig Amelia for China. But just
outside Macao she was stopped by the British cruiser HMS Lion, and her true
papers were found to be French. She was therefore seized as a British prize of
war, leaving Bacstrom stranded in Canton.
He eventually signed on as surgeon aboard the Warren Hastings, an ex-East
Indiaman of 600 tons flying Genoese colors, with a British captain, and a crew
from 13 different nations, bound for the Cape of Good Hope and Oostende. But,
led by the French chief mate, the French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian crew
mutinied and took possession of the ship, confining Bacstrom and others below
deck as prisoners. They then sailed to Mauritius where the ship and her cargo
were condemned as a French prize of war.
After 6 months in Mauritius, Bacstrom was able to buy passage on an American
ship bound for New York, but his ship was once again captured by a British naval
ship, this time in the Virgin Islands, and once again the ship and cargo were
seized as a prize of war. Thanks to help from the governor of the British Virgin
Islands, George Leonard, Bacstrom eventually arrived home in London July 23,
1795, four years and eight months after he left.
Alchemy and Rosicrucianism
Sigismund Bacstrom is considered by some to be “one of the most important scholars of alchemy in the last few centuries.” While in Mauritius, Bacstrom was initiated and admitted into the Fraternity of Rosicrucians, here the original document, (anothere version of the same document with Bacstrom's seal) on 12 September 1794 by the Comte Louis de Chazal. This Comte de Chazal is said to have been 96 years old at the time of Bacstroms initiation according to Adam MacLean in "Bacstrom's Rosicrucian Society. Hermetic Journal N.6, 1979". His alchemical knowledge is said to have been transmitted to him in 1740 in Paris, and John W. Hamilton Jones suggests in the introduction to Bacstroms Alchemical Anthology that Chazal's teacher is said to have been none other than the Count of St. Germain.
On returning to London, he proceeded to support himself by publishing both prints of his drawings from his voyages, and esoteric texts: Cole, Douglas. Sigismund Bacstrom's Northwest Coast Drawings and an Account of his Curious Career. BC Studies Journal.
He translated Latin, German and French alchemical works into English and worked with members of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia and the Theosophy of the 19th century, according to Hockley. Bacstrom's translation of Catena Aurea Homeri (Golden Chain of Homer) was published by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in 1891 in the Theosophical magazine Lucifer. According to Adam McLean, Alexander Tilloch, the founder of the Philosophical Magazine which published Bacstrom's travelogue in 1799, had been a student of Bacstrom. McLean reports in his article that Tilloch's admission document matches almost verbatim with the corresponding document for Bacstrom, giving further indication that the group of Rosicrucians in England around 1800 known as “Bacstrom Society” actually existed. A remarkable feature of this document is, as McLean notes, the 4th promise insures not to exclude women from initiation:
"As there is no distinction of sexes in the spiritual world, neither amongst the blessed Angels nor among the rational immortal spirits of the Human race... our Society does not exclude a worthy woman from being initiated, God himself not having excluded women from partaking of every felicity in the next life." at LINK.
The similarity of the "Philosophical Seal" of the Bacstrom Society of Rosicrucians depicted in Waite (a triangle and square inscribed in a circle) with the emblem used by the Lectorium Rosicrucianum today is also striking.
Among Bacstrom's circle of associates in London were the physician and astrologer Ebenezer Sibly and the General Charles Rainsford. From Frederick Hockley, Bacstrom's writings probably came into the hands of William Alexander Ayton, William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, thus influencing the teachings of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and thus in turn influencing the development of Western occultism in the 20th century.
A collection of Bacstrom's manuscripts and other alchemical writings was acquired by Manly Palmer Hall in 1923. After his death in 1990 they were sold to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu. Most manuscripts copied and translated in English from earlier works between 1790-1808 by Dr. Sigismund Bacstrom. 21.4 x 17.7 cm. 19 volumes. Some volumes contain illustrations, ink, watercolor. All volumes are uniformly bound. (digitised manuscripts source)
- Vol. 01: 9 works including one each by W. De Cones and George Ripley; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 02: 10 works including one by H. Nollius and four by S. Bacstrom; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 03: 7 works including two by E. Gobineau de Montluisant, one each by D. J. Wallachin, and W. Blomefeeld; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 04: letters to the Rosey Crucian Society attriubuted to M. Sendivogius, translated by Dr. Sibly; illustrations, ink, watercolor.
- Vol. 05: 9 works including one by J. de Monte Raphaim.
- Vol. 06: 19 works including one each by Paracelsus, Alexis Piemontese, Baro Urbigerus, Ford, S. Trismosin, and Abraham Eleazar.
- Vol. 07: 10 works including one each by J. Langelott, Paracelsus, J. Helvetius and three by von Suchten; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 08: 16 works including one each by J. G. Jugel, Neuman, K. Digby, and Abbé Rousseau, H. von Batsdorff, J. J. Beccher, W. von Schroeder and Leona Constantia, and two by Trismosin.
- Vol. 09: 8 works including one each by G. von Welling, and Paracelsus; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 10: 7 works including one each by M. Fachsen, D. Beuther, J. Sternhals, and S. Norton; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 11: 9 works including one each by S. Norton, V. Koffsky, G. von Welling, Ali Puli, and C. F. de Sabor; illustrated, ink frontispiece.
- Vol. 12: 9 works, illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 13: 5 works including two by P. Poney, and one by Neptis; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 14: 20 works including one each by J. Yardley, St. Dunstan, J. Gier, C. Horn, C. Stella, Dippelius, Chrysogonus, J. d'Espagnet, and Eirenaeus Philalethes; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 15: 1 work, illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 16: 3 works by Bernard of Treves.
- Vol. 17: 6 works including one each by A. Bëyer, and Leona Constantia; illustrated, watercolor frontispiece.
- Vol. 18: 3 works.
- Vol. 19: 1 work, Diploma Bacstrom.
An authentic copy of a long letter of Sigismond Bacstrom and sent to Mr. Hand has been handwritten by Frederick Hockley in 1839: the Mr. Yardley's Process. Then, this manuscript has been bought in 1913 by the famous bookseller Pierre Dujols and given to Julien Champagne, the illustrator of Fulcanelli's books. Julien Champagne wrote the French translation of the Mr. Yardley's Process in front of the English text in blank frames that have been previously drawn by Frederick Hockley on all verso pages. After more than one century, this manuscript owned by Champagne's family has been published in facsimile by Éditions Les Trois R (France, 2015-2016).
A collection of 67 of Sigismund Bacstrom's drawings and watercolors is archived in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
The Bacstrom’s Alchemical Anthology, known also as Essay on Alchemy, has been published by John M. Watkins, London, 1960; edited and with an Introduction by J.W. Hamilton-Jones, at the same time is important to read the Sigismund Bacstrom Rosicrucian's Aphorisms and Process where there is a precise and complete description of the Philospher Stone's creation process: perhaps the only clear description available nowadays, which is very useful to study in conjuction with the Essai sur la Conservation de la Vie wrote by the Vicomte Louis Charles Édouard de Lapasse.
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